Gender specific health issues in Medium Human Development Countries

7 Secrets to Success in English 101

7 Secrets to Success in English 101 Welcome to English 101- sometimes called freshman English or college composition. Its the one course that almost every first-year student in every American college and university is required to take. And it should be one of the most enjoyable and rewarding courses in your college life. But to succeed in anything, it helps to be prepared. Heres how to best prepare for English 101.   1. Know Your Writing Handbookand Use It Many instructors of freshman English assign two textbooks: a reader (that is, a collection of essays or literary works) and a writing handbook. Early in the term, make friends with the handbook: it can answer most of your questions about planning, drafting, revising, and editing an essay. Open your handbook to the section titled How to Use This Book. Find out how to locate information by using menus and checklists (usually printed on the inside covers) along with the books index and table of contents. Also find the glossary of usage and the guides to documentation (both are usually near the back). After you have spent 10 to 15 minutes learning how to find information in the handbook, youre ready to put the book to use- not only when youre editing your work but also when youre trying to focus a topic, organize a paragraph, or revise an essay. Your handbook should soon become a dependable reference work, one that youll want to hold on to after youve passed this composition course. 2. Read Twice: Once for Pleasure, Once for Facts As for that other textbook, the collection of essays or literary works, above all else get ready to enjoy the readings. Whether the topic is a current controversy or an ancient myth, keep in mind that your instructors want to share with you their love of reading- not punish you (and themselves) with texts that nobody cares about. Whenever youre assigned an essay or a story, get in the habit of reading it at least twice: the first time through simply for enjoyment; the second time with a pen in hand to take notes that will help you remember what you have read. Then, when it comes time to discuss the work in class, speak up and share your thoughts. After all, sharing ideas is what college is all about. 3. Use Your College Writing Center For many college students, the most welcoming spot on campus is the writing center (sometimes called a writing lab). Its a place where trained tutors offer individual assistance on all aspects of the composing process. Never feel embarrassed about visiting the writing center. Believe me, its not the place where dummies go. Just the opposite: its where highly motivated students go for help in organizing essays, formatting bibliographies, mending run-on sentences, and much more. If your college doesnt have a writing center or if youre enrolled in an online composition class, you can still take advantage of at least some of the services of a writing center. 4. Review the Basic Grammatical Structures and Terms Instructors of freshman composition expect you to arrive in their classes with some understanding of basic English grammar and usage. However, if your high school English classes focused more on reading literature than on composing essays, your memory of sentence parts may be a bit hazy. It would be smart then to spend an hour or so at the start of term reviewing the basics of grammar.   5. Prepare to Move Beyond the Five-Paragraph Essay Odds are good that you already know how to compose a five-paragraph essay: introduction, three body paragraphs, conclusion. In fact, you probably composed one or two of these short essays as part of the admissions process at your college or university.   Now, be prepared in your college English class to go beyond the simple formula of the five-paragraph essay. Building on familiar principles (regarding thesis statements and topic sentences, for example), you will have opportunities to compose longer essays using a variety of organizational methods. Dont be intimidated by these longer assignments- and dont feel that you have to toss out all that you already know about composing essays. Build on your experience, and get ready for fresh challenges. Come to think of it, thats also what college is all about! 6. Use Online Resources Wisely Though your textbooks should keep you pretty busy, at times you may find it helpful to supplement them with online resources. Your first stop should be the website that your instructor or the publisher of your handbook has prepared. There youre likely to find exercises to help you develop particular writing skills along with examples of different writing projects. 7. Dont Plagiarize! Finally, a word of warning. On the web, youll find plenty of sites offering to sell you essays. If youre ever tempted to rely on one of these sites, please resist the urge. Submitting work thats not your own is called plagiarism, a nasty form of cheating. And in most colleges and universities, students face major penalties for cheating- penalties far more serious than receiving a low grade on a hastily written paper.

Achievements of Heron Alexandria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 146

Achievements of Heron Alexandria - Essay Example Heron Alexandria was a man whose some of his ideas were derived from the work of Greek physicist and inventor Ctesibius. Heron Alexandria was a lecture of mechanics, physics, pneumatics and even mathematics at the Museum, where he presented some of his first official research work into the trans-disciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constants, and possibilities. He was the first engineering to come up with a wind wheel operating machine using wind to extract energy. A force pump also invented by him which is a kind of pump that has a solid piston and valves that are employed to raise a liquid or force it out by mechanical means. The hydraulic machine called Heron’s Fountain which is operated by its energy which is hydrostatic in nature was also invented by the man. He also came up with the formula that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time, which is sometimes taken as a definition of a ray of light. A portion of a solid which is cone or pyramid by chopping the top off a pyramid was also described by Heron Alexandria a method of iteratively or involving repetition, recurrence or repetitiousness for computing the square root which is nowadays known us Heron’s formula for f calculating the area of triangles which sides, relates. Heron Alexandria as an engineer and also a mathematician come up with several formulated method in his book 1, of his treatise Metrica which basically major on areas of triangles, regular polygons of a range of 3 to 12 sides, quadrilaterals, prisms, pyramid, spheres, and other useful shapes in mathematic calculations There is a memorable line in William Shakespeare’s ‘’twelfth night’ ’Methinks this line perfectly describe Heron Alexandria, which fully describes the fact that there is always an inborn ability in some men as contrasts the acquired attributes by others.

The Relationship Between Political Stability and Economic Growth Essay

The Relationship Between Political Stability and Economic Growth - Essay Example This paper questions the widely accepted role of political stability in promoting the growth of the economy. Political stability in any country may offer a peaceful environment for investment to take place. In addition to this, the stability may also provide a good ground where impunity is tolerated. Stable governance and politics are by no doubt a means through which economic growth takes place. With a peaceful political environment, the government can formulate its agendas. Good investing policies attract investors in the country and makes citizens willing to work hard and improve the country’s economic growth. It is seen that democracy in developed and developing countries foster the growth in the economy compared to the countries that are non-democratic. It can be argued that stability in politics of any nation can affect the rate at which the country’s economic growth takes place. In addition to this, the level of investment can be altered through increasing the confidence level of investors in that country. The democratic effect on investment is only tentative. In countries where political stability is practiced, a direct economic growth is realized through positive effect on the rates of investments. Investors will only invest their resources in a country where peace exists, and they are assured of their properties. In contrast to this, economists and investors refer to political instability as a malaise that has a serious harm to the economic growth of the nation. Irrespective of the political regimes, if a country is stable and does not worry about the radical changes of regimes and conflicts, the citizens do concentrate on working hard in running their businesses, saving and investing in other economic activities.

Impact of International Relations on Agricultural Education Dissertation

Impact of International Relations on Agricultural Education - Dissertation Example Successful completion of this research work will come with a lot of significance to a lot of people, especially the politicians as well as the educators. First, data, results and conclusions from this research shall serve as updated literature on the impacts of international relation within the population size targeted for this research work. To a large extent, this research shall help in coming out with new models on the type or kind of challenges of agricultural education as a result of international relations. The new trend of knowledge to be acquired shall indeed lead to a new paradigm shift whereby the knowledge shall be adapted for use and implementation by agricultural educationalists. This is to say that the findings and conclusions from this research work will go a long way to shape the lifestyle, working habit and social structures of teachers, the cultures of a county alongside the learners. This means that the learners and all other people across the agricultural educatio n divide who come across this document will have a renewed commitment towards international relations. In particular, agricultural students will reap a lot of benefits from this research given that it seeks to inform them about how their carriers are shaped by international relation. The agricultural teachers, on the other hand, would not fail to reap these benefits. This study is inclusive in its objective and would explore ways on how developing and encouraging international relations would influence the economy of a country.

Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius

Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius A Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. Ivan L. Lawagai,* Suad Naheedb, Mohammed Mosihuzzamanc, Allan, Patrick G. Macabeoadeg, Erickson Paragasefk, Peter Prokschh, Alicia M. Aguinaldoaeg Keywords: Antidesma, Antidesma bunius, Amentoflavone, Betasitosterol, biflavone, sterols 1. Subject and source Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. (Euphrbiaceae) ‘‘bignay† is a common plant found throughout the Philippines. The bark is poisonous as it contains an alkaloid thus, is used medicinally. The leaves are acidic and diaphoretic, and, when young, these are boiled with pot-herbs, and employed by the natives in syphilitic infections (Quisumbing, 1978). The leaves are sudorific and are employed in treating snakebite in Asia (Morton, 1987). The leaves of Antidesma bunius, commonly known as â€Å"bignay†, are traditionally used by native Filipinos to control diabetes (Lawag et al., 2012). Fresh leaves were collected from the hills of Brgy. Agustin Navarra, Ivisan, Capiz Province in January 2009. The plant was identified by Asst. Prof. Rosie A. Madulid and a voucher specimen (USTH 5357) is deposited at the UST Herbarium, Botany Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas (UST), Manila, Philippines. 2. Previous work Dammara-20, 24-dien-3ÃŽ ²-ol and friedelin were isolated from the stem and leaves of A. bunius (Hui and Sung, 1968). In 2008, Samappito and Butkhup identified the flavonoids catechin, Procyanidin B1 and Procyanidin B2 from the fruits and Gallic acid, quercetin, catechin and epicatechin were also detected from the fruits of A. bunius (Santiago et al., 2005). 3. Present study 3.1. Extraction and isolation Dried and ground leaves Antidesma bunius (1610 g) were extracted with 80% ethanol to give a green syrupy extract (240.0 g) which was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using solvents of increasing polarity starting with hexane, hexane-dichloromethane (1:1), dichloromethane, dichloromethane -ethyl acetate (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate-methanol (1:1), and methanol to give seven fractions. The fifth fraction (4.04 g) was further fractionated twice on silica gel packed on VLC using solvents of increasing polarity starting from hexane and ending with methanol giving five fractions each, respectively. Fraction three which was purified twice on silica gel using hexane-dichloromethane (1:1) and hexane-dichloromethane (95:5) furnished 1 (16.13 mg). Isolation of 2: the fourth fraction (12.34 g) after VLC was chromatographed on silica gel using 5-10% gradients of methanol in dichloromethane to give ten fractions. Fraction three (42.3 mg) was further purified using Sephadex LH20 using 20% gradients of methanol in DCM to give 2 (5.9 mg). (1)(2) 3.2. Identification of purified compounds The compounds were identified as Stigmast-5-en-3ÃŽ ²-ol or ÃŽ ²-sitosterol, a plant sterol, (1) (Balamurugan et al., 2012) and (Sosinska, et al., 2013) and 3,8-biapigenin (Amentoflavone), a biflavone (2) (Chari et al., 1977) and (Ryu et al., 2010) on the basis of their IR, LR-EIMS, LR-ESIMS and NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC and HSQC) spectral data and by comparison of spectra reports with the literature. 4. Chemotaxonomic significance Other Antidesma species like A. menasu (Risvi et al., 1980a), (Risvi et al., 1980b) and A. pentandrum (Chen et al., 2004), (Kikuchi, 1983) are known to contain plant sterols. A. puncticulatum is known to contain flavonoids (Nuengchamnong and Ingkaninan, 2009), while A. laciniatum was reported to contain both plant sterols and flavonoids (Tchinda et al., 2006). The isolation process that was presently preformed on the ethanolic leaf extract of A. bunius afforded compounds 1 and 2 which were coherent to the compounds that were previously isolated or reported from the other Antidesma species. Although the said compounds were reported for the very first time in A. bunius, compound 1 was also reported to be present in A. pentandrum (Chen et al., 2004) and in A. laciniatum (Tchinda et al., 2006), while compound 2 was reported to be present in A. laciniatum (Tchinda et al., 2006). This further establishes the chemotaxonomic relationship of A. bunius towards the other species of the genus Antidesma. Although plant sterols (Hui and Sung, 1968) and biflavones (Samappito and Butkhup, 2008), (Santiago et al., 2005) were previously reported in the leaf and bark extracts A. bunius, this is the first report that indicated the presence of ÃŽ ²-sitosterol (1) and Amentoflavone (2). Compounds 1 and 2 therefore add up to the list of isolated and identified compounds from the leaves of A. bunius. References Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. Balamurugan, R., Stalin, A. and Ignacimuthu, S., 2012. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 38 – 43. Chari, V. M., Ilyas, M., Wagner, H., Neszmelyi, A., Chen, F., Chen, L., Lin, Y., Lin, Y., 1977. Phytochemistry 16, 1273 – 1278. Chen, Y.C.; Cheng, M.J.; Lee, S.J.; Dixit, A.K., Ishikawa, T., Tsai, I.L.; Chen, I.S., 2004. Helvetica Chimica Acta 87 (11), 2805 – 2811. Hui, W. H.; Sung, M. L., 1968. Australian Journal of Chemistry 21(8), 2137-40. Kikuchi, H., Tensho, A., Shimizu, I., Shiokawa, H., Kuno, A., Yamada, S., Fujiwara, T., Tomita, K., 1983. Chemistry Letters (4), 603 –606. Lawag, I., Aguinaldo, A., Naheed, S., Mossihuzzaman, M., 2012. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 144(1), 217 – 219. Morton, J., 1987. Bignay. p. 210–212. Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Nuengchamnong, N., and Ingkaninan, K., 2010. Food Chemistry 118, 147 – 152. Samappito, S.; Butkhup, L., 2008. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11 (13), 1654 – 1661. Santiago, D.M.O., 2005. MS Thesis University of the Philippines, Los Banos. Sosinska, E., Przybylski, R., Hazendonk, P., Zhao, Y. Y., Curtis, J., 2013. Food Chemistry 139, 464 – 474. Rizvi, S. H. Shoeb, A. Kapil, R. S. Popli, S. P., 1980. Experientia 36. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel (Schweiz). Rizvi, S., Shoeb, A., Kapil, R., Popli, S., 1980. Phytochemistry 19 (11), 2409 – 10. Ryu, Y. B., Jeong, H. J., Kima, J. H., Kima, Y. M., Park, J., Kim, D., Naguyen, T.T.H., Park, S., Chang, J. S., Park, K. H., Rho, M., Lee, W. S., 2010. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry 18, 7940 – 7947. Tchinda, A..; Teshome, A.; Dagne, E.; Arnold, N.; Wessjohann, L., 2006. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 20 (2), 325 – 328. Current Affiliations: iChemistry Department, Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines. jJinnah University for Women, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan kDepartment of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA * Corresponding author. E-mail address:*[emailprotected] (I.L. Lawag)

The Turn of the Screw by Henry James Essays -- The Turn of the Screw H

The Turn of the Screw This novel was, surprisingly, interesting. The intensely complex and intricate (if not confusing!) sentences, upon first thought, made me expect an experience of complete, utter, and total confusion; however, they served not only to keep my interest in the novel – for I had to concentrate to grasp the full, rich meaning of his thoughts – but also to create in me a sense of enjoyment, that of being enriched with the experiences of the main character so that my life and that character's became inseparable, only it occurred not only with the main character, but with the entire plot at once – all characters, all scenes (to which I shall come late), all conversations... everything. I have never seen a man so able to express so much in one sentence, and still be able to have the reader follow his thoughts throughout the entire process. Henry James was a master of expression and grammar. His ability to form a complex, yet coherent sentence did nothing but add to the quality of the novel. The characters alone added to the quality of the novel. It is not so much as they were entirely believable, but they were believable to the extent of their being in a ghost story. The things that happened to these poor characters were not natural in any sense, but they were completely acceptable from within a ghost story. Miles, for example, was too beautiful in action, too simple in thought, and too tempting in appearance (for both the governess and Mr. Quint) to be co... The Turn of the Screw by Henry James Essays -- The Turn of the Screw H The Turn of the Screw This novel was, surprisingly, interesting. The intensely complex and intricate (if not confusing!) sentences, upon first thought, made me expect an experience of complete, utter, and total confusion; however, they served not only to keep my interest in the novel – for I had to concentrate to grasp the full, rich meaning of his thoughts – but also to create in me a sense of enjoyment, that of being enriched with the experiences of the main character so that my life and that character's became inseparable, only it occurred not only with the main character, but with the entire plot at once – all characters, all scenes (to which I shall come late), all conversations... everything. I have never seen a man so able to express so much in one sentence, and still be able to have the reader follow his thoughts throughout the entire process. Henry James was a master of expression and grammar. His ability to form a complex, yet coherent sentence did nothing but add to the quality of the novel. The characters alone added to the quality of the novel. It is not so much as they were entirely believable, but they were believable to the extent of their being in a ghost story. The things that happened to these poor characters were not natural in any sense, but they were completely acceptable from within a ghost story. Miles, for example, was too beautiful in action, too simple in thought, and too tempting in appearance (for both the governess and Mr. Quint) to be co...

Women Participation During the Mexican Revolution

Paul Noguera February – 25 Women Participation during the Mexican Revolution Women played a big role during the Mexican revolution. Before the Mexican revolution, women always were discriminated and isolated by men; they had always lived under male control and their dominance on many aspects of the society. Women in Mexico have always been characterized by certain stereotypes such as family life, marriage, and the influence that they had from the Catholic. Women were never seen as people who could contribute to the society taking position such as in the government. This essay explains the transition and some of the contributions of many Mexican Women who were really important during the Mexican revolution. During the revolution women become to be part of Mexican politics for first time, they also had important participation on social movements and on the battlefields and finally they had and important influence on reforming the national Education in Mexico. Many women from high and lower class of the Mexican society managed to be part in high positions of Mexican politics despite of the inequalities they had to face during this period, gaining the respect of many men and of the society in many parts of Mexico. Many of the women who got to be in high positions of Mexicans politics become to be important political figures and inspiration for other women to believe in themselves. A woman who became an important figure in during the Mexican revolution was Hermilia Galindo. She was born in 1896 in Laredo, Durango Mexico (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 7), when the Mexican revolution began she was only fifteen year old. During Galindo’s political carrier she wrote many political disquisitions, was a public advocate for Carranza in many states and was the editor of the journal â€Å"Mujer Moderna† She rose quickly due to her intelligence, excellence speaking skills, and because she had skills and abilities that Carranza was shrewd enough to recognize and exploit. Hermilia was without doubt one of the most important public figures during the Mexican revolution, Carranza discover her when she was selected to give an speech upon his arrival after the fall of general Victoriano Huerta. Hermilia wrote many articles, and spoke to many women’s groups, supporting Carranza’s rule and to encourage women to join revolutionary groups in order to stand up to the Catholic counter revolution (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 26) . Hermilia was also important because of her roles as a Mexican feminist, Galindo supported feminist ideas and Carranza’s government; when Hermilia was part of Carranza’s government she found her own journal before mentioned called â€Å"Mujer Moderna† (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 5) from which she would attack the Catholic Church directly and call women for social participation against it as well. One the things that Hermilia fought for, was for equal rights between men and women, declaring the women should have the right to vote, unfortunately she was unsuccessful. Political women during the Mexican revolution were not always accepted by the people, they had important popular opposition from the more conservative population of Mexico who wouldn’t accept their participation and intervention on politics. Women as Hermila Galindo were essential to the revolution because they addressed feminist problems and had the courage and the energy to make them public and make the government be more aware about it. Women during the Mexican revolution didn’t only play an important role on politics, also on the streets and battlefield as well. There were some important social movements made by women during the Mexican revolution such as the Veracruz strike, where many women workers would fight to put an end to social and economic wrongs in the state (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 51). The Veracruz movement was one of the first social movements that happened during the Mexican revolution and was based on pressuring the government to enact a housing reform legislation that would make rent more fear for them not letting landlords to manipulate them. Also during the Mexican revolution we can see las Soldaderas as well, who were considered battlefield heroes of the Mexican revolution. Most of women workers as well as las Soldaderas were mestizas or Indian women who were affected or didn’t agree with government policies. These women proved themselves as men’s equals, and showed that women are as successful as men in getting the job done. Not only did they put their lives in danger to fight for their cause, but their bravery was as admirable as that of the men who fought for their rights, if not more because often they did not have just themselves to take care of, but children as well. During the Veracruz strike hundreds of women workers got together to fight for lower rent and to make them-selves respected. This social movement made by women become to be so important that called the attention of the government to make a change in the legislation about housing (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 25). Without these women fighting on the streets demanding a change in the constitution and with las Soldaderas fighting on the battlefield, the revolution would have been a different battle and women would have never had the chance to prove their abilities or gotten the recognition they deserved. Two Women who were really important during the Mexican revolution were Dolores Jimenez y Muro and Peta Rosa Ojeda. Jimenez and Ojeda were schoolteachers, Jimenez was born in Aguascalientes, she was a political radical (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 23), Ojeda was from the state of Yucatan and she always supported the Mexican revolution in her role as a teacher (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 37). Their roots as a schoolteacher were evident in their reform to decentralize the Mexican educational system. Ojeda was always more focused at the local level in the state of Yucatan Mexico and Jimenez was more involved on reforming the educational national system. By Jimenez trying to reform the educational national system would allow schools to be locally funded and controlled all over Mexico including in the state of Yucatan, where Ojeda was volunteering educating hacienda workers and trying to reform the education system of the state, this reformation would allow that each school would receive individual attention. Ojeda instead of Jimenez was more focused on educating workers in haciendas especially women who were repressed by the hacienda owner in Yucatan (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 38). Also since Ojeda herself was in touch with all classes of people, she could more easily see their problems and needs. This moved her to fight for reforms about the expensive and insufficient housing the lower classes had to endure in the state (Mitchell, â€Å"Women’s Revolution,† p. 44). Even though Mexican women permeated every niche in the society of the revolution, they have gotten only a fraction of the recognition they deserve. Many of their stories have been forgotten or re-written by the society to which they gave their ideas, work, and lives. Despite what male historians have led us to believe, Mexican women's contributions were just as great as men's were. They were of primary importance in the revolution and were essential to the causes for which they fought. Mexican women broke the molds of countless generations, and showed the strength of the female spirit. They took on core positions that were not traditional and excelled in many predominantly male-dominated roles. Mexican women were revolutionary in the way they stretched the boundaries of gender roles and reversed many stereotypes.

My American Journey essays

My American Journey essays Book Report on Colin Powells My American Journey Retired General Colin Powell is the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He spent a career in the United States Army lasting 35 years. He retired at the rank of four star general. He started his military education and career at the City College of New York in 1954. He was the son of Luther and Arie Powell of New York, born on the 5th of April 1937. His parents were meager people and he lived in a rented apartment until the age of 4 when he moved to the South Bronx where he finished his lower education and received his high school diploma. Upon graduating high school he applied to two universities, New York University (NYU) and the City College of New York (CCNY). He was accepted to both of the colleges but due to a price difference, NYU was $750 and CCNY was $10 a Year, he enrolled in CCNY. He was commissioned out of the CCNY ROTC program 4 years later and entered the army in June of 1958. After the officers basic course and various other military courses he received his first duty station as a platoon leader in the 3rd Armor Division in West Germany. From here began what came to be a most illustrious military career, consisting of a command track from platoon level to the commander of FORSCOM with numerous White House positions. He retired from his last command, the Armys highest-ranking Military Officer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also asked by many of his supporters to run for the office of President, which he declined. The book contained information on Colin Powell that proved more interesting as the page number increased. Some of the events of his life were more interesting than other parts. How his Army career started as a ROTC cadet and not an academy student was surprising to find out. General Powell was also able to serve two tours of Duty in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Racism also played a sig...

Essay on Social stratification and social inequality

Essay on Social stratification and social inequality Essay on Social stratification and social inequality Essay on Social stratification and social inequalitySocial stratification and social inequality have a notable impact on the economic security of people in old age. The differences in initial family welfare and life opportunities contribute to the process of transferring social inequality from generation to generation. The theory of cumulative disadvantage states that social inequality in general and economic insecurity in particular evolve as part of a cumulative process that takes place during the whole course of life (George, 2010). One of important issues emerging due to social inequality is economic insecurity of most ethnic minority groups in old age.According to Schulz (2006), the economic status of non-Hispanic white elderly Americans is significantly better than the economic position of elderly people who belong to Native American, Hispanic and African American ethnic groups. There exist significant differences in incomes and even greater differences in net worth, which affe ct the quality of life for ethnic minorities in the old age. It is notable that elderly representatives of Asian ethnic minority groups are more economically secure than the general population. At the same time, these data are in line with income statistics: Asian Americans tend to have incomes comparable with non-Hispanic White Americans or even higher (Schulz, 2006).The majority of elderly people (64%) rely on Social Security as their main source of economic security. The representatives of ethnic minorities demonstrate a greater reliance on Social Security income compared to white non-Hispanic Americans: for example, 71% of African Americans, 74% of Hispanics and 68% of Asian Americans rely on Social Security for 50% or more of their income, while only 63% of non-Hispanic White elderly people receive half or more of their income from Social Security (George, 2010). Therefore, ethnic minorities have greater reliance on Social Security in old age, and it is reasonable to assume tha t these ethnic groups also have greater economic insecurity in old age.Indeed, Social Security rules provide higher benefits for people with higher-paid jobs, continuous employment histories and active workforce participation (Schulz, 2006). This means that the representatives of minority groups are likely to have lower Social Security benefits during retirement due to more sporadic employment, higher unemployment rates, lower-paid jobs, etc. (Schulz, 2006) In addition, minorities are less likely to have access to employer pensions, which makes their economic position even more vulnerable.It is notable that single old people are more likely to experience economic insecurity regardless of ethnic group; however, especially vulnerable categories of elderly people are single Hispanic and African-American people. Indeed, the rates of economic insecurity constitute 48% and 65% for African American and Hispanic couples correspondingly, while for single African American and Hispanic retiree s the rates of economic insecurity constitute 77% and 83% accordingly (George, 2010).Economic security of elderly minority populations is additionally affected by the presence of recent and foreign-born immigrants in their families (which reduces access to Medicare) and lower chance of owning a house (due to housing discrimination) (Schulz, 2006). In general, the most economically insecure ethnic groups in the old age are African Americans due to lower wages and episodic employment, and Indian Americans – due to previous state policies acting against indigenous population. Economic security of elderly people of Hispanic origin differs by their country of origin (Schulz, 2006): for example, average well-being of Cuban retirees can be compared with non-Hispanic Whites, while aged people of Mexican or Puerto-Rican origin are likely to have low levels of economic security. Hence, there are notable differences in economic security in old age between different ethnic groups.

Atrial Fibrillation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Atrial Fibrillation - Research Paper Example The purpose of the study â€Å"Refining Clinical Risk Stratification for Predicting Stroke and Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation Using a Novel Risk Factor-Based Approach† is to refine the 2006 Birmingham/NICE stroke risk stratification schema into a risk factor-based approach, by reclassifying and/or incorporating additional new risk factors as relevantto thromboembolism (Lip, Nieuwlaat, Pisters& Lane, 2010, 264). Statistical Procedures The study involves analysis of the 2006 Birmingham classification thus, comparisons with other schema such as the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation population were done as part of the analysis and statistical procedures. The study selected 1,084 patients without mitral stenosis, history of heart valve surgery, or use of vitamin K antagonists or heparin at discharge of qualifying visit. Other stroke risk stratification schemas used are the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF), American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC) guidelines, and the eighth American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines. ... refinement of the 2006 Birmingham schema has took consideration of a risk factor-based approach taking account different potential factors for atrial fibrillation such as history of stroke, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, female gender, and age. Descriptive analyses are used in the study with proportions, means, and standard deviations. Binomial approximation is used in the event rates, logistic regression in each schema, C-statistics for predicting probability of correct classification, and multivariable logistic regressions for the assessment of individual risk factors. Results of the statistical procedures are presented in tabular form. Analyses are derived from the tabular form presentation differentiating the univariate and multivariate analyses versus the designated level of significance (?). Then, patients or samples are categorized according to statistical results and are compared with other schemas. Strengths and Weaknesses The c ontent of the study offered an array of strengths which can be beneficial not only to the healthcare industry but to the public as well. One of its strength is the identification of other potential risk factors for the development of stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this way, the public will gain awareness on how to reduce their risks of the said diseases. In addition, the comparisons made in the existing schema in the real world of atrial fibrillation have made the study valid and applicable for present conditions and have made the study stronger in avoiding biases. The exploration of the effects of single and multiple factors using univariate and multivariate analyses also contributes to the avoidance of biases. Done statistically, results are

Gay marrige Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Gay marrige - Essay Example government and the US voters have a â€Å"reasonable justification for denying same-sex marriage, such as promoting healthier families, or if the bans reflect discrimination and hatred† (Sage). Sage runs down the various arguments and criticisms on the gay marriage issue by citing events which have unfolded since the passage of Proposition 8 and the events that has unfolded since. She also used quoted statements from government officials and other experts on the subject matter in order to comprehensively present the current issue. Sage begins her article by making a clear statement about the fact that gays and lesbians in California do have sufficient political support for their cause – from their Governor to the entire Democratic Party. From this initial statement alone, Sage establishes a serious and formal tone in her essay. This is a good way to capture the reader’s interest because it catches the attention of those who oppose and those who advocate gay marriage in California. From the onset, the opening statement shows the status of the hearing on Proposition 8 and it reveals undeniable truths for both interest groups in this paper. Both sides cannot deny that the Governor and the Democrat Party is indeed politically supportive of gay marriage and gay rights in California. Hence, the statement draws in opponents and advocates alike who have a clear stake on the resolution of the gay marriage issue. Moreover, this opening statement by Sage is used as information for the first point that the author wants to make in the current issue – that there is no discrimination of gay and lesbian rights with the approval of Proposition 8. The formal tone used by the author is very much appropriate for this paper because the topic calls for a serious discussion on the subject matter. Considering the fact that gay marriage is a very controversial issue, the author has given the topic a very respectful and formal tone in order for the reader to take the topic