Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Sexuality And Criminality By Leslie Bell Essay - 1717 Words

Attitudes towards different issues in society are adopted depending on the prevailing beliefs of such a society. Every trending issue in society helps shape the attitudes that people develop and significantly influences their behavior. There is no question that every society has a prejudged perception and possible reaction to any event that may occur within the realm of the community. Several experiences that the society goes through in earlier instances influences how the society reacts to newer experiences. In this regard, there is a rationale that will always affect the attitude that society on how to take up on the occurrence of a particular event. The current paper is an in-depth analysis of two articles that cover two of the most emotive issues in any modern society: sexuality and criminality. In the first article, Leslie Bell mostly focuses on female sexuality largely detailing the often confusing situations that twenty-something ladies have to contend with as regards to their sexual freedom. Female sexuality remains a persistently emotive issue in many societies. Religious and social beliefs that prevail in the society fuel the emotions that enhance the hard stances taken concerning the female sexuality debate. The author Malcolm Gladwell, in the second article mostly focuses on the possible causations factors of crime in modern societies, and it details some of the factors that affect the way people are likely to react to particular cases in crime commission. In theShow MoreRelatedSexuality And Criminality By Leslie Bell Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesemotive issues witnessed in the modern society. These issues include sexuality and criminality. In the first article, Leslie Bell mostly focuses on female sexuality largely detailing the often-confusing situations that twenty-something women have to contend with based on their sexual freedom. Religious and social beliefs that prevail in the society fuel the emotions that enhance the hard decisions made c oncerning the female sexuality debate. In the second article, the author Malcolm Gladwell mostlyRead MoreThe Power Of Context By Malcolm Gladwell Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesof occurrence of specific events. Leslie Bell, the author of â€Å"Selections from Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom,† largely focuses on female sexuality detailing the often confusing situations  that twenty-something ladies have to contend with, with regards to their sexual freedom. She argues that female sexuality remains a persistently emotional issue and that the emotions have enhanced the hard stances taken in the female sexuality debate are largely fueled by theRead MoreThe Power Of Context By Malcolm Gladwell Essay1802 Words   |  8 Pagessurroundings would affect the vulnerable groups and that specific cases can lead to various reactions from the members of the involved society. Similarly, Leslie Bell tackles culture changes and environment can affect c hoices and raise internal conflicts regard to twenty-something women. In â€Å"Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom,† Bell argues that today’s young women need to face the widely contradictory cultural changes may cause them extremely difficult to freely and fully realizeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPontificà ­a Universidad Catà ³lica del Perà º, Fondo Editorial, 1984); Monica Boyd, â€Å"Family and Personal Networks in International Migration: Recent Developments and New Agendas,† International Migration Review 23 (1989): 638–670; James H. Jackson and Leslie Page Moch, â€Å"Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe,† Historical Methods 22 (1989): 27–36; Ivan Light and Parminder Bachu, eds., Immigration and Entrepreneurship (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993), 25–49; Alejandro Portes

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Trade Offs Faced By Each Of The Following - 1333 Words

Chapter 1 1) Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following: a) A family deciding whether or not to buy a new car needs to take into account their finances. They also need to think about the fact that is there something more important in the near future that they will need the money for and also is their old car a safety hazard. Also the money spent could often be put into savings for emergencies or used for clothing, going on vacation, college education for one’s kids etc. All of these factors need to come into play before making a large-scale decision. b) When a member of Congress decides how much money to spend towards national parks they have to take into account other important expenses which could include the country’s defense, if money is needed for the betterment of our countries roads, social programs, education etc. c) Before opening a new factory a president has to decide whether funds are needed in other or existing projects which may produce profits for the company and also should decide whether the money is needed for operating/administrative expenses, or just to have extra cash on hand etc. d) A professor should consider when deciding on how much to prepare for a class the time spent with family, time for personal activities, research done for subject, also the lesson prepared would be easy for the students to understand etc. e) A recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school would take into account the income theyShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Problems And Applications1473 Words   |  6 Pages Chapter 1 Give three examples of important trade-offs that you face in your life. Some examples of trade-offs that I face in my life are rather I should go to sleep early or adding another hour of studying for a test. Another trade-off was that if I should watch some shows online or study more for the final. The last trade-off is when I could spend my money to go out to eat or I could save my money and eat at home. 5. Why isn t trade among counties like a game with some winners andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Founding Brothers 1577 Words   |  7 PagesFounding Brothers Essay 17 Oct 2015 Shaan Sekhon The United States faced many challenges in the years following the revolutionary war. The themes discusses in the â€Å"Founding Brothers† show how difficult it really was to create a perfect union. Ellis shows that many factors went into decisions as theoretically simple as the location of the nations new capitol, to the morality of slave trade. Collaboration played a large role in the nations early years, as did the faith people put in its firstRead MoreThe European Union878 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean Coal and Steel Company (ECSC), which was established by the Treaty of Paris following World War II. This organization consisted of the six founding countries, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The organization would then rename itself to the European Economic Community (EEC) as a result of the Treaty of Paris as well as in hopes of becoming economically interdependent through trade with one another also known as the ‘Common Market†™ (â€Å"The History†). Denmark, IrelandRead MoreScience And Its Effect On Society During The 19th Century916 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"long† 19th century lasted around 125 years, and throughout this time period many things changed for the good and for the bad. However, each state and country faced different things that would affect their government and lifestyles for quite a while. Some of these could be considered a gain for the common citizens but they could also result in a loss for others. People had a tendency to overlook all the good and focus on the bad, which caused them to be oblivious to all the good progressionsRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Homeland Security1116 Words   |  5 Pagesbe weighed and prioritized in a manner that is conducive to the longevity of the nation but also eliminates political or other personal agenda. To ensure a standardized approach the Department of Homeland Security adopted a risk management. The following will look at defi ning what risk management is as well as an example of how it is being incorporated within the homeland security enterprise and how doing so is of benefit. WHAT IS RISK MANAGEMENT? Risk management is the process of prioritizingRead MoreA Comparison of the September 11 Attack and the Attack on Pearl Harbor742 Words   |  3 PagesSeptember 11th 2001 On Sept. 11, 2001, A date that will live in infamy for Americans, terrorists attacked the World Trade Center in New York City. At 8:48 a.m. flight 11 crashed into the north tower. As it continued to burn a second plane flight 175 carrying 65 people crashed into the south tower around 9:05 a.m.. as smoke and debris fill the air in New York City after one of the World Trade Center towers collapsed. Police officers and rescue workers on the disaster scene in New York are covered in AshRead MoreCredit Derivatives in the Recent Global Financial Crisis1671 Words   |  7 Pagesderivatives increased in the past decade. The maximum volume of derivatives was traded during the years 2005 to 2007 of which 2006 was the highest at $2000bn. Then when the financial crisis occurred at the end of 2007 the trading decreased rapidly the following two years to as low as $100bn in 2009. There has been claims from financial critics that these credit derivative are the main factor that has lead to the a lmost collapse of the world financial markets and if corrective measures are not taken, itRead MoreBusiness Law Seminar981 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Law Seminar Report Analysis of Gladiators FC Case In order to explore all the possible solutions to the crisis of Gladiators FC club, first of all, we need to have a thorough and clear vision of the actual situation faced by the club and point out the advantages and disadvantages they have. Then based on the analysis of the situation, we may suggest several potential ways to get the Gladiators FC club out of crisis. The Situation Analysis Advantageous condition for the financialRead MoreAnalysis Of Howard Zinn s The Mind Behind Dozens Of Books 1381 Words   |  6 Pagesand poor white immigrants with European background. Thousands of years before white settlers arrived, millions of Native Americans had flourished and lived off of the land of North America. The Native Americans were overall a peaceful people, using only violence when seldom necessary. They developed farming and learned how to live off of the land, all while sustaining a bright and lively culture. After living among the Natives, John Collier, reflected on their spirit: â€Å"Could we make it our ownRead MoreThe Destructiveness Of The Slave Trade985 Words   |  4 PagesATIENZA, Rizsa Mae 03 October 2015 Fall 2015 HIST 177 Primary Document Analysis The Destructiveness of the Slave Trade Olaudah Equiano begins the narrative by describing his home. He paints for his audience a charming, very fruitful picture of his province Essaka. It was a place where all the neighborhood children would come together and play whilst their parents were away laboring in the fields. He recalls being taught by his mother how to defend himself. They would practice shooting and throwing

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Effectiveness of International Law Free Essays

Introduction This essay will focus on international law being an effective tool for the resolution of international disputes. Timely resolutions and unbiased resolutions are factors that determine effective dispute resolution. The definition and concept of international law, effective aspects of international law, and certain limitations of international law will be discussed in this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Effectiveness of International Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, case studies will be provided to support the argument and to demonstrate the procedures of resolving international disputes. Definition and Concept of International Law International law can be defined as, the universal system of principles and policies concerning the relations between states and international organisations. The overall identity of international law is the United Nations, and they govern international law through legal documents known as treaties. International law is enforced by the United Nations Security Council and the International Court of Criminal Justice. Effectiveness of International Law in Resolving Disputes International law is expanding over the years as many countries are now relying on it to solve their disputes. Most countries are part of regional organisations, such as the African Union and European Union, which follow the practice of international law . As more countries are getting involved in international organisations, the fairness and reliability of international law can be observed. International law is not forced upon countries. Countries participate in international organisations to ensure stability and predictability in their relationship with other countries. This voluntary participation ensures that laws and agreements made will be fair and unbiased to all participating countries. Countries are not coerced into agreeing to international law. The laws made within an international organisation are derived after much debate and consensus from participating countries. After the agreements are made, these laws are put into place as treaties. This shows that international law allows for fair and unbiased resolutions as the laws will be clearly stated. Another positive element of international law in resolving disputes is, international law does not conflict with domestic laws most of the time. Domestic laws focus on the prosperity of the country while international laws focuses on the prosperity of all countries. Therefore, when it comes to resolving international disputes, most countries will accept the decisions made by the international tribunals and the International Court of Justice. International laws also adapt to the changes in society. These changes are reflected on the amendments of treaties. The United Nations ensures that all laws made are fair and unbiased. It also ensures that disputes between countries are dealt in the same manner. This is the reason as to why the International Court of Justice is a separate entity. When countries that are having conflicts approach the United Nations for dispute resolution, they are referred to the International Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice examines all given evidence and they may also start their own investigations when it is required. The diversity amongst the panel of judges within the International Court of Justice reflects fairness and unbiasedness when resolving disputes. The International Court of Justice also allows for countries involved in the dispute to nominate a judge of their choosing, an Ad hoc judge, to seat on the panel of judges. Case Study of the Effectiveness of International Law The conflict between Singapore and Malaysia over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca and Middle Rocks is a good example of international law being effective. This case gives a clear example of how the International Court of Justice deals and resolves disputes effectively. The dispute started in 1980’s when Malaysia published a map stating that Pedra Branca belonged to her. Singapore disputed this, and both countries agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice started their own investigation and the official hearing took place in 2007 under the name ‘Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v. Singapore)’. After a thorough study of all geographical evidence, ancient title documents and colonisation letters from the United Kingdom, in 2008, the International Court of Justice ruled that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore and the Middle Rocks belonged to Malaysia. Limitations in International Law There are certain limitations which affects the effectiveness of international law. Firstly, not every country is a member of international law making organisations. International law making bodies will not be able to make laws and resolve disputes fairly if not all countries are part of this process. Secondly, the International Court of Justice takes too long to make a decision. A key factor in dispute resolutions, is timely resolutions. If disputes are not resolved fast, the effectiveness of international law will be questioned. Lastly, the decision of the International Court of Justice cannot be appealed. Not all decisions are fair to affected countries. There may be instances whereby unjust decisions cannot be appealed.. Case Study of Limitations The territorial dispute between India and Pakistan is a good example of limitations of international law. This case is a good example of countries that do not actively participate in International dispute resolution. Both countries have claimed ownership of Kashmir since they became independent. However, they did not seek dispute resolution and over the years that tension increased into an armed conflict whereby many innocent lives were lost. The ongoing problem has worsened as Kashmir is now filled with terrorist organisations. In 2008, the United States of America stepped in and insisted that both countries resolve the dispute. The United Nations did not step in as they were not called upon by either country. Conclusion International law is an effective tool for international dispute resolution as it ensures that laws are made, and disputes are resolved in a fair and unbiased manner. As there are many regional organisations, there are numerous avenues to resolve international disputes. However, the limitations to international law affects its effectiveness. International organisations should take a more active role and emphasise that all countries actively take part in international law to increase its effectiveness. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Jane Stratton, ‘International Law’, Legal Information Access Centre, 2009 [ 2 ]. Ibid. [ 3 ]. Ibid. [ 4 ]. William E Holder, ‘Towards Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes’ (1969) Australian Year Book of International Law 102 [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Pitman B. Potter, ‘Bases and Effectiveness of International Law’ (1968), The American Journal of International Law 63(2), 270-272. [ 7 ]. Stratton, above n 1. [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Ibid. [ 10 ]. Holder, above n 4. [ 11 ]. Ibid. [ 12 ]. Ibid. [ 13 ]. Ibid. [ 14 ]. James Crawford, ‘International Law And The Rule Of Law’, (2003), Adelaide Law Review 3 24(1) [ 15 ]. Ibid. [ 16 ]. Stratton, above n 1. [ 17 ]. Ibid. [ 18 ]. Crawford, above n 14. [ 19 ]. Stratton, above n 1. [ 20 ]. Yuval Shany, ‘Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts: a Goal-Based Approach’ (2012), The American Journal of International Law 106(2), 225-270. [ 21 ]. Ibid. [ 22 ]. Ibid. [ 23 ]. International Court of Justice, ‘Case Concerning The Sovereignty Over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge’, 23 May 2008 [ 24 ]. Ibid. [ 25 ]. Ibid. [ 26 ]. Ibid. [ 27 ]. Richard Steinberg et al, ‘Power and International Law’ (2006),   The American Journal of International Law  100(1), 64-87. 28 ]. Ibid. [ 29 ]. Anna Spain, ‘Using International Dispute Resolution to Address the Compliance Question in International Law’ (2008-2009), Georgetown Journal of International Law 40(1), 807-864. [ 30 ]. Ibid. [ 31 ]. Shany, above n 20. [ 32 ]. Ibid. [ 33 ]. Hans Koechler, ‘The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik: Reflections on a Negotiated Settlementâ⠂¬â„¢, International Council on Human Rights,1 April 2008 http://i-p-o. org/Koechler-Kashmir_Discourse-European_Parliament-April2008. htm [ 34 ]. Ibid. [ 35 ]. Ibid. [ 36 ]. Ibid. How to cite Effectiveness of International Law, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

American History Effective Time Management

Questions: 1. What are some examples of Mr. Gilbreths use of behavioral psychology on his children? 2. In what ways is Mrs. Gilbreth more traditional about parenting? 3. In what ways is Mr. Gilbreth progressive and innovative as a parent? 4. What limits to the possibilities of efficiency engineering are implied in the book? Answers: 1. Behavioral psychology is a method to condition the behavior of the subject with the use of certain stimuli. The behavioral psychologists make use of certain actions or sound or any form of stimuli that will help the subject understand what is coming next. One of the biggest examples of behavioral psychologists is the use of the lever that the rat pressed and after pressing the lever the rat would get the food. Hence, the rat knew that after pressing the lever, it will get food (Hoy, 2010). The same theory is applied by Gilbreth when used a whistle. The meaning of the whistle was that, whenever the whistle was blown every person has to drop the work that he/she was doing and gather at a common place. Gilbreth might give a good news or bad news but the children was so conditioned that the whistle meant that there is something important that Gilbreth has to share with the family (Suls, Davidson Kaplan, 2010). 2. Mr. Gilbreth prepared a chart for the children where the children would require writing down the work they have done apart from the normal studies they have to do for the school. In addition to this, the children have to fill the charts regarding the daily work they are doing that are, brushing the teeth taking the bath and so on. The children would also have to fill the charts with the weight so that the health of the children can be regularly monitored. Though Mr. Gilbreth was the one who prepared the chart for the children, it was Mrs. Gilbreth who was more traditional about parenting. It was Mrs. Gilbreth who wanted to incorporate praying in the daily charts of the children. According to Mrs. Gilbreth, prayer is an important practice of daily life and it should also be mentioned in the chart to monitor that the children are attached to the roots of their being (Bird, 2011). 3. Every parent wants the children to be successful in life and become independent. However, Gilbreth has his way of parenting. Gilbreth wanted the children that twelve of them to learn how to survive in the society. Gilbreths way of parenting was innovative and different from normal parenting (Williams Reid, 2011). In addition to normal schooling, Gilbreth taught the children other works that will be useful for the children in future. The tasks include painting the back porch or removing a stamp from the front lawn. All these irregular jobs would add to the extra pocket money for the children, in addition to this, the children would have to bid for the work. The child who was able to propose the lowest bid for any work, he/she would get the work. In this way, every child understood the meaning of competition in life as well as the value of money (Bride, 2011). 4. Mr. Gilbreth was very particular about time. Mr. Gilbreth used to set for himself as well for the children. As far as the children are concerned, he took the picture of the children at work and measures the time taken by the children to complete one work with the help of a stopwatch. However, there were limitations to the efficiency engineering method that he applied for the work. Gilbreth used to use to shaving brushed to save time taken for to shave in the morning. By using to shaving brushes, he saved 44 seconds of the shaving time. However, there are times when things would go wrong. Shaving is not only about applying the foam by using the razor. Once he wasted two minutes while putting a bandage in the throat that got cut while using then razor. Gilbreth was more concerned about the time wasted for putting the bandage rather than the cut throat (Varga, 2011). References Bird, P. (2011). Effective Time Management. London: Hodder Education. Bride, M. (2011). Time management. London: Hodder Education. Hoy, A. (2010). Educational psychology. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill. Suls, J., Davidson, K., Kaplan, R. (2010). Handbook of health psychology and behavioral medicine. New York: Guilford Press. Varga, A. (2011). Time management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Williams, K., Reid, M. (2011). Time management. New York,

Monday, November 25, 2019

7 Secrets to Success in English 101

7 Secrets to Success in English 101 Welcome to English 101- sometimes called freshman English or college composition. Its the one course that almost every first-year student in every American college and university is required to take. And it should be one of the most enjoyable and rewarding courses in your college life. But to succeed in anything, it helps to be prepared. Heres how to best prepare for English 101.   1. Know Your Writing Handbookand Use It Many instructors of freshman English assign two textbooks: a reader (that is, a collection of essays or literary works) and a writing handbook. Early in the term, make friends with the handbook: it can answer most of your questions about planning, drafting, revising, and editing an essay. Open your handbook to the section titled How to Use This Book. Find out how to locate information by using menus and checklists (usually printed on the inside covers) along with the books index and table of contents. Also find the glossary of usage and the guides to documentation (both are usually near the back). After you have spent 10 to 15 minutes learning how to find information in the handbook, youre ready to put the book to use- not only when youre editing your work but also when youre trying to focus a topic, organize a paragraph, or revise an essay. Your handbook should soon become a dependable reference work, one that youll want to hold on to after youve passed this composition course. 2. Read Twice: Once for Pleasure, Once for Facts As for that other textbook, the collection of essays or literary works, above all else get ready to enjoy the readings. Whether the topic is a current controversy or an ancient myth, keep in mind that your instructors want to share with you their love of reading- not punish you (and themselves) with texts that nobody cares about. Whenever youre assigned an essay or a story, get in the habit of reading it at least twice: the first time through simply for enjoyment; the second time with a pen in hand to take notes that will help you remember what you have read. Then, when it comes time to discuss the work in class, speak up and share your thoughts. After all, sharing ideas is what college is all about. 3. Use Your College Writing Center For many college students, the most welcoming spot on campus is the writing center (sometimes called a writing lab). Its a place where trained tutors offer individual assistance on all aspects of the composing process. Never feel embarrassed about visiting the writing center. Believe me, its not the place where dummies go. Just the opposite: its where highly motivated students go for help in organizing essays, formatting bibliographies, mending run-on sentences, and much more. If your college doesnt have a writing center or if youre enrolled in an online composition class, you can still take advantage of at least some of the services of a writing center. 4. Review the Basic Grammatical Structures and Terms Instructors of freshman composition expect you to arrive in their classes with some understanding of basic English grammar and usage. However, if your high school English classes focused more on reading literature than on composing essays, your memory of sentence parts may be a bit hazy. It would be smart then to spend an hour or so at the start of term reviewing the basics of grammar.   5. Prepare to Move Beyond the Five-Paragraph Essay Odds are good that you already know how to compose a five-paragraph essay: introduction, three body paragraphs, conclusion. In fact, you probably composed one or two of these short essays as part of the admissions process at your college or university.   Now, be prepared in your college English class to go beyond the simple formula of the five-paragraph essay. Building on familiar principles (regarding thesis statements and topic sentences, for example), you will have opportunities to compose longer essays using a variety of organizational methods. Dont be intimidated by these longer assignments- and dont feel that you have to toss out all that you already know about composing essays. Build on your experience, and get ready for fresh challenges. Come to think of it, thats also what college is all about! 6. Use Online Resources Wisely Though your textbooks should keep you pretty busy, at times you may find it helpful to supplement them with online resources. Your first stop should be the website that your instructor or the publisher of your handbook has prepared. There youre likely to find exercises to help you develop particular writing skills along with examples of different writing projects. 7. Dont Plagiarize! Finally, a word of warning. On the web, youll find plenty of sites offering to sell you essays. If youre ever tempted to rely on one of these sites, please resist the urge. Submitting work thats not your own is called plagiarism, a nasty form of cheating. And in most colleges and universities, students face major penalties for cheating- penalties far more serious than receiving a low grade on a hastily written paper.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Achievements of Heron Alexandria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 146

Achievements of Heron Alexandria - Essay Example Heron Alexandria was a man whose some of his ideas were derived from the work of Greek physicist and inventor Ctesibius. Heron Alexandria was a lecture of mechanics, physics, pneumatics and even mathematics at the Museum, where he presented some of his first official research work into the trans-disciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constants, and possibilities. He was the first engineering to come up with a wind wheel operating machine using wind to extract energy. A force pump also invented by him which is a kind of pump that has a solid piston and valves that are employed to raise a liquid or force it out by mechanical means. The hydraulic machine called Heron’s Fountain which is operated by its energy which is hydrostatic in nature was also invented by the man. He also came up with the formula that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time, which is sometimes taken as a definition of a ray of light. A portion of a solid which is cone or pyramid by chopping the top off a pyramid was also described by Heron Alexandria a method of iteratively or involving repetition, recurrence or repetitiousness for computing the square root which is nowadays known us Heron’s formula for f calculating the area of triangles which sides, relates. Heron Alexandria as an engineer and also a mathematician come up with several formulated method in his book 1, of his treatise Metrica which basically major on areas of triangles, regular polygons of a range of 3 to 12 sides, quadrilaterals, prisms, pyramid, spheres, and other useful shapes in mathematic calculations There is a memorable line in William Shakespeare’s ‘’twelfth night’ ’Methinks this line perfectly describe Heron Alexandria, which fully describes the fact that there is always an inborn ability in some men as contrasts the acquired attributes by others.